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10 to which they are entitled under the Constitution of the United States. ARTICLE 5 EMPLOYER RIGHTS Section 1. Subject to the terms of this Agreement, the Parties recognize that the management of the Company, the control and regulation of the use of all business equipment and property, the direction of the workforce, the formulation and enforcement of rules related to the conduct of the business, and the determination of all services, processes and standards are vested exclusively with the Company. The Union further recognizes the rights of the Employer to operate its company and to manage its operations and to plan, and direct its employees. Section 2. The Employer Rights described in Section 1, above, include, but are not limited to, such items as: 1. The ability to determine the mission, budget, organizational structure, number of employees, and internal security and administrative practices. 2. To hire, discipline, suspend or discharge, promote, lay-off and take actions necessary to maintain the efficiency of the operation. 3. To assign work and determine the personnel by which the company operations will be conducted. 4. With respect to filling positions, to make selections among qualified candidates, or any other source. 5. To take whatever actions may be necessary to carry out the company mission. 6. To determine any and all services, processes and standards required by a contractual customer. 7. To determine the number of employees it shall employ, establish new jobs, abolish and/or change existing jobs, employees and working hours. Section 3. The Employer reserves the right to take whatever actions may be necessary to accomplish its mission during emergencies. Section 4: (1) The entitlements of the Parties are those upon which the Parties have reached agreement and understanding during the course of the negotiations leading to this Collective Bargaining Agreement. Upon the effective date of this Agreement, all past practices, any and all memoranda of agreement or understanding, or written or oral agreements whether formal or informal, shall have no force or effect and shall not be binding on the Parties in any respect. The foregoing applies at all levels of RVA and NATCA, from the local to corporate/national levels. (2) Unless authorized at the corporate/national level, the parties shall not increase or diminish the entitlements set forth in this Agreement. ARTICLE 6 REPRESENTATION RIGHTS

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